Letting Go of the Steering Wheel The Five Levels of Autonomous Driving

2

1

3

4

5

Driver assistance

Driving assistance

systems such as

cruise control or

collision warning

provide greater

safety and

comfort. The

driver is assisted

but must

constantly

monitor the

system.

Partial

automation

The system keeps

the car in the lane

and accelerates

and brakes in

certain situations.

The driver must

be constantly

alert. Drivers may

only take their

hands off the

steering wheel

briefly.

High automation

The car can drive

itself in certain

situations – a

traffic jam, for

example. The

driver can

disengage from

driving and inter-

action with

traffic for longer

periods of time.

But the driver

must still be

prepared to take

control of the

vehicle at any

time.

Fully

automated

No driver

required

under

predefined

conditions.

The system

can handle

all situations

on its own.

Driverless

There is no

need for a

driver. The

system drives

autonomously

under all

conditions.

Currently

being

developed

only for

roboshuttles,

not yet for

private cars.

Letting Go of the Steering Wheel

The Five Levels of Autonomous Driving

Driver assistance

1

Driving assistance systems such as cruise control or

collision warning provide greater safety and comfort.

The driver is assisted but must constantly monitor

the system.

2

Partial automation

The system keeps the car in the lane and accelerates

and brakes in certain situations. The driver must be

constantly alert. Drivers may only take their hands off

the steering wheel briefly.

3

High automation

The car can drive itself in certain situations – a traffic

jam, for example. The driver can disengage from driving

and interaction with traffic for longer periods of time.

But the driver must still be prepared to take control

of the vehicle at any time.

Fully automated

4

No driver required under predefined conditions.

The system can handle all situations on its own.

5

Driverless

There is no need for a driver. The system drives

autonomously under all conditions. Currently being

developed only for roboshuttles, not yet for private cars.

Letting Go of the Steering Wheel

The Five Levels of Autonomous Driving

1

Driver assistance

Driving assistance systems such as

cruise control or collision warning

provide greater safety and comfort.

The driver is assisted but must

constantly monitor the system.

2

Partial automation

The system keeps the car in the lane and

accelerates and brakes in certain

situations. The driver must be

constantly alert. Drivers may only take

their hands off the steering wheel briefly.

3

High automation

The car can drive itself in certain

situations – a traffic jam, for example.

The driver can disengage from driving

and interaction with traffic for longer

periods of time. But the driver must still

be prepared to take control of the vehicle

at any time.

4

Fully automated

No driver required under predefined

conditions. The system can handle all

situations on its own.

5

Driverless

There is no need for a driver. The system

drives autonomously under all conditions.

Currently being developed only for

roboshuttles, not yet for private cars.

Letting Go of the Steering Wheel The Five Levels of Autonomous Driving

1

2

3

4

5

Driver assistance

Driving assistance

systems such as

cruise control or

collision warning

provide greater

safety and

comfort. The

driver is assisted

but must

constantly

monitor the

system.

Partial

automation

The system keeps

the car in the lane

and accelerates

and brakes in

certain situations.

The driver must

be constantly

alert. Drivers may

only take their

hands off the

steering wheel

briefly.

High automation

The car can drive

itself in certain

situations – a

traffic jam, for

example. The

driver can

disengage from

driving and inter-

action with

traffic for longer

periods of time.

But the driver

must still be

prepared to take

control of the

vehicle at any

time.

Fully

automated

No driver

required

under

predefined

conditions.

The system

can handle

all situations

on its own.

Driverless

There is no

need for a

driver. The

system drives

autonomously

under all

conditions.

Currently

being

developed

only for

roboshuttles,

not yet for

private cars.

Letting Go of the Steering Wheel

The Five Levels of Autonomous Driving

1

Driver assistance

Driving assistance systems such as cruise control or

collision warning provide greater safety and comfort.

The driver is assisted but must constantly monitor

the system.

2

Partial automation

The system keeps the car in the lane and accelerates

and brakes in certain situations. The driver must be

constantly alert. Drivers may only take their hands off

the steering wheel briefly.

3

High automation

The car can drive itself in certain situations – a traffic

jam, for example. The driver can disengage from driving

and interaction with traffic for longer periods of time.

But the driver must still be prepared to take control

of the vehicle at any time.

Fully automated

4

No driver required under predefined conditions.

The system can handle all situations on its own.

5

Driverless

There is no need for a driver. The system drives

autonomously under all conditions. Currently being

developed only for roboshuttles, not yet for private cars.

Letting Go of the Steering Wheel

The Five Levels of Autonomous Driving

1

Driver assistance

Driving assistance systems such as

cruise control or collision warning

provide greater safety and comfort.

The driver is assisted but must

constantly monitor the system.

2

Partial automation

The system keeps the car in the lane and

accelerates and brakes in certain

situations. The driver must be

constantly alert. Drivers may only take

their hands off the steering wheel briefly.

3

High automation

The car can drive itself in certain

situations – a traffic jam, for example.

The driver can disengage from driving

and interaction with traffic for longer

periods of time. But the driver must still

be prepared to take control of the vehicle

at any time.

4

Fully automated

No driver required under predefined

conditions. The system can handle all

situations on its own.

5

Driverless

There is no need for a driver. The system

drives autonomously under all conditions.

Currently being developed only for

roboshuttles, not yet for private cars.