Letting Go of the Steering Wheel The Five Levels of Autonomous Driving
2
1
3
4
5
Driver assistance
Driving assistance
systems such as
cruise control or
collision warning
provide greater
safety and
comfort. The
driver is assisted
but must
constantly
monitor the
system.
Partial
automation
The system keeps
the car in the lane
and accelerates
and brakes in
certain situations.
The driver must
be constantly
alert. Drivers may
only take their
hands off the
steering wheel
briefly.
High automation
The car can drive
itself in certain
situations – a
traffic jam, for
example. The
driver can
disengage from
driving and inter-
action with
traffic for longer
periods of time.
But the driver
must still be
prepared to take
control of the
vehicle at any
time.
Fully
automated
No driver
required
under
predefined
conditions.
The system
can handle
all situations
on its own.
Driverless
There is no
need for a
driver. The
system drives
autonomously
under all
conditions.
Currently
being
developed
only for
roboshuttles,
not yet for
private cars.
Letting Go of the Steering Wheel
The Five Levels of Autonomous Driving
Driver assistance
1
Driving assistance systems such as cruise control or
collision warning provide greater safety and comfort.
The driver is assisted but must constantly monitor
the system.
2
Partial automation
The system keeps the car in the lane and accelerates
and brakes in certain situations. The driver must be
constantly alert. Drivers may only take their hands off
the steering wheel briefly.
3
High automation
The car can drive itself in certain situations – a traffic
jam, for example. The driver can disengage from driving
and interaction with traffic for longer periods of time.
But the driver must still be prepared to take control
of the vehicle at any time.
Fully automated
4
No driver required under predefined conditions.
The system can handle all situations on its own.
5
Driverless
There is no need for a driver. The system drives
autonomously under all conditions. Currently being
developed only for roboshuttles, not yet for private cars.
Letting Go of the Steering Wheel
The Five Levels of Autonomous Driving
1
Driver assistance
Driving assistance systems such as
cruise control or collision warning
provide greater safety and comfort.
The driver is assisted but must
constantly monitor the system.
2
Partial automation
The system keeps the car in the lane and
accelerates and brakes in certain
situations. The driver must be
constantly alert. Drivers may only take
their hands off the steering wheel briefly.
3
High automation
The car can drive itself in certain
situations – a traffic jam, for example.
The driver can disengage from driving
and interaction with traffic for longer
periods of time. But the driver must still
be prepared to take control of the vehicle
at any time.
4
Fully automated
No driver required under predefined
conditions. The system can handle all
situations on its own.
5
Driverless
There is no need for a driver. The system
drives autonomously under all conditions.
Currently being developed only for
roboshuttles, not yet for private cars.
Letting Go of the Steering Wheel The Five Levels of Autonomous Driving
1
2
3
4
5
Driver assistance
Driving assistance
systems such as
cruise control or
collision warning
provide greater
safety and
comfort. The
driver is assisted
but must
constantly
monitor the
system.
Partial
automation
The system keeps
the car in the lane
and accelerates
and brakes in
certain situations.
The driver must
be constantly
alert. Drivers may
only take their
hands off the
steering wheel
briefly.
High automation
The car can drive
itself in certain
situations – a
traffic jam, for
example. The
driver can
disengage from
driving and inter-
action with
traffic for longer
periods of time.
But the driver
must still be
prepared to take
control of the
vehicle at any
time.
Fully
automated
No driver
required
under
predefined
conditions.
The system
can handle
all situations
on its own.
Driverless
There is no
need for a
driver. The
system drives
autonomously
under all
conditions.
Currently
being
developed
only for
roboshuttles,
not yet for
private cars.
Letting Go of the Steering Wheel
The Five Levels of Autonomous Driving
1
Driver assistance
Driving assistance systems such as cruise control or
collision warning provide greater safety and comfort.
The driver is assisted but must constantly monitor
the system.
2
Partial automation
The system keeps the car in the lane and accelerates
and brakes in certain situations. The driver must be
constantly alert. Drivers may only take their hands off
the steering wheel briefly.
3
High automation
The car can drive itself in certain situations – a traffic
jam, for example. The driver can disengage from driving
and interaction with traffic for longer periods of time.
But the driver must still be prepared to take control
of the vehicle at any time.
Fully automated
4
No driver required under predefined conditions.
The system can handle all situations on its own.
5
Driverless
There is no need for a driver. The system drives
autonomously under all conditions. Currently being
developed only for roboshuttles, not yet for private cars.
Letting Go of the Steering Wheel
The Five Levels of Autonomous Driving
1
Driver assistance
Driving assistance systems such as
cruise control or collision warning
provide greater safety and comfort.
The driver is assisted but must
constantly monitor the system.
2
Partial automation
The system keeps the car in the lane and
accelerates and brakes in certain
situations. The driver must be
constantly alert. Drivers may only take
their hands off the steering wheel briefly.
3
High automation
The car can drive itself in certain
situations – a traffic jam, for example.
The driver can disengage from driving
and interaction with traffic for longer
periods of time. But the driver must still
be prepared to take control of the vehicle
at any time.
4
Fully automated
No driver required under predefined
conditions. The system can handle all
situations on its own.
5
Driverless
There is no need for a driver. The system
drives autonomously under all conditions.
Currently being developed only for
roboshuttles, not yet for private cars.